The ecological history of Grand Forks, British Columbia, is a complex tapestry woven from the threads of geological evolution, Indigenous stewardship, early settlement, and contemporary environmental challenges. This narrative begins with the geological formation of the region characterized by its location within the Monashee Mountain Range and the Omineca Belt (https://boundarybc.com/destinations/grand-forks/). The area’s geological history includes significant metamorphism and deformation, leading to the development of metamorphic core complexes and various mineral deposits that have historically attracted settlers and industries. The rich mineral resources and fertile farmland were pivotal in the establishment of Grand Forks in the late 19th century, officially founded in 1906, during a period marked by a mining and railroad boom. The view of the Granby River is still dominated by the monolithic black piles of slag which were a byproduct of refining the copper ore mined from Phoenix mines. This byproduct is used in several industries, including our local RockWool factory, and at the rate it is being consumed will be a part of our cities landscape for at least forty years to come.

Before European contact, the land now known as Grand Forks was inhabited by the Sinixt people, whose relationship with the environment remains largely undocumented. While the Sinixt utilized the land, evidence of permanent settlements or extensive resource use is scarce. The Granby and Kettle Rivers, which converge in the valley, do not support abundant fish populations, suggesting that fishing was not a primary resource for the Sinixt. However, the presence of wild edible plants indicates some level of foraging activity, albeit limited (https://sinixt.com/weve-always-been-here/pre-contact-history/).

The early 20th century saw the arrival of the Doukhobors, a pacifist sect from Russia, who significantly influenced the agricultural landscape of Grand Forks. They established communal villages and contributed to local infrastructure, including the Fructova School and the Pride of the Valley Flour Mill, which are still in existence today. Their agricultural practices and communal living were a departure from the individualistic approaches of earlier settlers, showcasing a different model of land use and community development (https://boundarymuseum.com).

Environmental challenges have historically shaped the community’s resilience and adaptability. Grand Forks has faced significant flooding, with the most catastrophic event occurring in May 2018, when unprecedented rainfall led to accelerated snow pack melt and caused the worst flood in the city’s history, exceeding a 200-year flood level. This disaster underscored the vulnerability of the community to climate-related events and highlighted the need for effective environmental management strategies.

In response to these challenges, Grand Forks has implemented various stewardship actions aimed at promoting sustainability and resilience. Water conservation initiatives have been introduced to protect local water resources and reduce pollution, ensuring the long-term availability of clean water for the community. Additionally, urban stormwater retention systems have been developed to mitigate flooding risks and enhance water management practices. Community gardens and composting facilities have also emerged as vital components of local environmental stewardship, fostering community engagement and promoting sustainable agricultural practices.

Due to the flood large portions of the banks of the Kettle River were eroded and a new path was carved in each of the rivers, including one which cut off a house and property from access. These types of events are evident in the history of the rivers in Grand Forks as evidenced by our two large ox bows. These are large bow shaped wet land areas which were created when a meander of the river was cut off from the main flow of water, typically due to natural processes like sediment deposition. After the flood sections of the weakened bank were reinforced with rip rap and even a large sheet pile wall to protect the downtown core from future flooding. The city has restored natural flood plains to give the river room to flood, by relocating dozens of houses from a flood damaged area. In this area they have created a path for the river to overflow into a riparian zone with thousands of newly planted trees. They have made these enormous changes in our landscape with the hope that it will protect the structure of our town from future flooding while working with the natural ecology of the area. (https://www.grandforks.ca/wp-content/uploads/210817DMAF_8PageSimple-1.pdf)

The ecological history of Grand Forks is further complicated by the introduction of invasive species, which pose threats to local biodiversity and ecosystem health. The impact of invasive species on native wildlife and plant communities necessitates ongoing monitoring and management efforts to preserve the ecological integrity of the region. The presence of invasive species can disrupt the delicate balance of local ecosystems, leading to declines in native species and altering habitat structures.

Wildlife in the region has also been affected by human activities and environmental changes.

While Grand Forks is an area with abundant native wildlife such as white tail and mule deer, big horned sheep and rainbow trout there are also several species that have been introduced and are competing for the natural resources of the area. In our rivers the spread of invasive largemouth bass is being tracked, and Saddle Lake has been overrun by goldfish that have been released by pet owners. These goldfish have caused our native salamanders to become endangered. Our mountains are covered either by hoary alyssum or crown vetch two highly invasive weeds which have no known method of eradication currently.

In conclusion, the ecological history of Grand Forks, British Columbia, reflects the interplay between geological processes, Indigenous land use, early settlement patterns, and contemporary environmental challenges. The community’s response to these challenges through stewardship actions and sustainable practices demonstrates a commitment to preserving the ecological integrity of the region. As Grand Forks continues to navigate the complexities of urban development and environmental management, the lessons learned from its past will be essential in shaping a sustainable future.